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| Primary and Secondary circuits in centralised hvac systems |
When it comes to centralized HVAC heating and cooling systems, you'll often hear the terms primary and secondary circuits. It refers to particular parts of the system that have a single purpose.
The primary side of the heating or cooling circuit contains the boilers or chillers
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| primary side of centralized HVAC system |
The secondary side of the system contains all the elements of the installation that transfer thermal energy to the rooms or equipment inside the building. For example, fan coil units (FCU), air handling units (AHU), chilled beams or underfloor heating, as well as radiators, etc. and construction load. For example, the AHUs can be on one "brain loop" and the FCUs can be on another, or different parts of the building can also be separated to give better control, e.g. North South East and west. Once the water has passed through the secondary circuit and has given up its thermal energy, it returns to the decoupling bottle and goes around the primary circuit.
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| secondary circuit in a centralized HVAC system |
The primary and secondary circuits are connected via a pipe known as a "Low Loss Header", sometimes also called a "Decoupler" or "Common Header". Primary water flows through it to supply heated or cooled water to secondary circuits. When the building is at maximum load and is demanding 100% of the design capacity of the system, all the primary water will flow through the secondary circuits. However, this is very rare and is usually only 1% of the year. The remaining 99% of the year the system will operate at partial load. In this scenario, only a part of the primary water will flow to the secondary circuits and a part will go directly and return to the chiller or boilers.
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| Low Loss Header, Common Header, Central HVAC System Decoupler |
The primary circuit will often have pumps running at a constant speed. Newer designs may have variable flow primary pumps, although a minimum flow must be ensured. In either case, chiller or boiler manufacturers will specify a minimum flow rate that must be achieved. If the flow rate falls below that, the chiller or boiler can freeze or overheat, which can lead to catastrophic failure.
Secondary circuits usually have either a variable speed pump or a constant speed pump. Variable speed pumps will provide better energy efficiency and control as they can vary based on building demand. Pumps are often required in the secondary circuit to push the water around the building and overcome the frictional resistance of all pipe fittings, as well as the pipes themselves.
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