Centrifugal chiller compressor. In this article, we are going to look at the centrifugal compressor for a water chiller. Let's take a detailed look at how the compressor works, its purpose, and why it's important.
Scroll down for YouTube Tutorial on Centrifugal Chillers
The compressor is the driving force for the refrigerant around the system. The centrifugal compressor is mounted on top of the chiller. It is fed by the evaporator suction line.
Learn how evaporators work here
The refrigerant boils in the evaporator and enters the suction line as slightly superheated low-pressure vapor. When it enters the compressor, it first passes through the blade guides. The refrigerant will then enter the body of the compressor. It spins at high speed and flies away, gathering in the scroll. As it enters the volute (the spiral shape of increasing diameter around the perimeter), it slows down and pressure builds. This pressure forces the old refrigerant out of the volute and down into the condenser.
Learn how capacitors work here
Above you can see a thermal image of a centrifugal compressor in a chiller. Notice that cold, low-pressure refrigerant enters the compressor, but leaves through the volute and discharge line, its temperature has risen.
The compressor will compress the refrigerant particles together, making it very energetic and increasing the temperature. Think of it like packing a lot of heat energy into a smaller space. This is absolutely essential for the operation of a chiller.
Imagine that there is a bottle full of refrigerant gas. As we move the lid and push it down, the particles become tighter and more energized, there are many collisions between the particles. If you've ever used a bicycle pump, you know that the pump will get hot when you force air into the inner tube.
The reason why a high temperature is important is that heat flows from hot to cold. We need the chiller to remove unwanted heat from the buildings.
The condenser water circuit circulates between the condenser and the cooling tower. The cooling tower disperses the heat into the atmosphere. Condenser water leaves the condenser at approximately 32°C and returns at approximately 27°C to capture more heat.
Since heat flows from hot to cold, this means that the refrigerant leaving the compressor must be hotter than the condenser water returning. The only way to do this is to compress the coolant to increase the temperature. This will give the heat energy a much denser form, making it easier to transfer. The greater the temperature difference, the easier it is to transfer heat energy.
If the refrigerant entering the condenser were at the same temperature as the water returning from the condenser, the chiller would not reject heat and therefore would not operate. The building will overheat and shut down.
Part of the casing has been removed on the model above to show how the compressor works. The refrigerant flows through the suction line (hidden) and is sucked into the rotating impeller. The coolant rotates and is expelled from the turbine blades.
The refrigerant then hits the diffuser, which is a small space that runs around the perimeter, between the compression chamber and the volute. The diffuser slows down the high speed coolant particles and when this happens it converts the speed into pressure. The refrigerant collects in the volute and the constant force of the next incoming refrigerant pushes the refrigerant through the discharge line to the condenser.
The turbine will come in different diameter sizes. This variation occurs because different refrigerants have different molecular weights. Chillers of different capacities will require a different size head height or head pressure and refrigerant mass flow through the chiller.r.
When the wheel rotates, it will have an angular velocity. If you're rotating something, it shouldn't get as far off center as possible. Think of spinning a rock attached to a string. It moves out. It is the centrifugal force, which is really nothing more than a combination of forces.
In the illustration above, we are comparing wheels of different sizes. This calculates the centrifugal force as well as the tangent velocity. Watch the video to see the detailed work of these calculations.
How much work does the compressor do?
W can calculate this. It is the enthalpy difference between the suction line and the discharge line, multiplied by the mass flow rate of the refrigerant.
I showed an example above, but you can find a detailed example in the video below.
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