This article is a useful introduction to the how and why of centrifugal pumps, and is useful if you want to learn more about this type of pump..
This article explains how centrifugal pumps work. Centrifugal pumps are used to transfer fluids and other materials in a wide variety of applications. This article is a useful introduction to the how and why of centrifugal pumps, and is useful if you want to learn more about this type of pump.
Scroll down to see the YouTube tutorial.
Centrifugal pumps come in many shapes, colors, and sizes, but they generally look like this. Pumps consist of two main parts. The pump and the motor.
The motor is an induction electric motor that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is used to drive the pump and move the water. The pump sucks water from the inlet and pushes it towards the outlet. When we disassemble the equipment we can see that we have a fan and a protective box mounted on the rear of the electric motor. Then inside the motor we have the stator. The stator contains the copper coils and we will go into this in detail later in the article. Concentric to this we have the rotor and the shaft. The rotor turns, and as it turns, so does the shaft. The shaft runs the entire length of the motor and enters the pump. This then connects to the turbine. Some centrifugal pump designs like this will have a separate shaft for the pump and motor. The separate shafts are joined by a connection known as a coupling. Coupled pumps usually have a bearing housing which, as the name suggests, houses the bearings. The shaft continues inside the pump casing as it enters the casing, it passes through a stuffing box, a packing and a stuffing box that combine to form a seal. The axle then connects to the wheel. The paddle wheel imparts centrifugal force to the fluid, allowing us to move liquids like water through a pipe. The impeller is enclosed in the pump body. The casing contains and directs the flow of water as the turbine pulls it in and pushes it out. So we have a suction on that and a discharge outlet.
How does a centrifugal pump work?
At the rear of the electric motor, we see that the fan is connected to the shaft. When the motor rotates the shaft, the fan also rotates. The fan is used to cool the electric motor and will blow ambient air over the case to dissipate unwanted heat. If the motor gets too hot, the insulation of the windings inside the motor will melt, causing a short circuit and destroying it. The thinners on the outer perimeter of the case increase the surface area of the case, allowing us to shed more unwanted heat. The electric motor is available in a three phase or single phase configuration depending on the application.
The rotor is connected to the shaft and the shaft runs from the fan through the rotor to the impeller. In this way, when the rotor turns, the wheel turns, so now by creating the rotating magnetic field in the motor, we make the rotor turn which turns the shaft and which turns the wheel. Looking at the pump casing, we find a channel for the flow of water along what is called the volute. This volute spirals around the perimeter of the casing to the outlet of the pump. This channel increases in diameter as it heads towards the exit. The shaft passes through the seals and into the pump casing where it connects to the impeller. There are many different types of impellers, but most will have these backward curved veins that will be open, semi-open, or closed with covers. These backward-curving veins do not push water. The curves rotate with the outer edge moving in the direction of the expanding scroll. These veins will provide the fluid with a smooth path for the water to flow through. We will see this a little later in the article. The wheel is submerged in water. When the wheel turns; the water inside the wheel also rotates. As the water rotates, the liquid is ejected radially in all directions toward the edge of the wheel and into the loop. As the water leaves the impeller, a region of low pressure is created which draws more water through the suction inlet. The water enters the eye of the wheel and is trapped there between the blades.
As the wheel spins, it transmits kinetic energy, or velocity, to the water. By the time the water reaches the edge of the wheel, it has reached a very high velocity. This high velocity water flows from the impeller towards the ball where it strikes the wall of the pump casing. This impact converts velocity into potential energy or pressure. More water follows behind this and thus a flow develops. The volute channel has an expanding diameter as it wraps around the circumference of the pump body. As it expands, the velocity of the water decreases, causing the pressure to increase. So this expanding channel allows more water to continue to join and become pressure so the discharge outlet is therefore at a higher pressure than the suction inlet. The high pressure of the discharge allows us to force the fluid through the pipes and into a storage tank or around a piping system. The thickness of the impeller and the speed of rotation affect the volumetric flow rate of the pump. But the diameter of the impeller and the speed of rotation would increase the pressure it can produce.
Centrifugal pumps are represented in engineering drawings with symbols like these. They can vary slightly from this so do check the drawing information section.
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